Technology Missions in Agriculture

Technology Missions in Agriculture:

Technology Missions are focused initiatives designed to drive technological advancement and development in specific critical sectors of the economy. They represent a mission-mode approach to address specific challenges and opportunities in agriculture and allied sectors by integrating modern technology with traditional knowledge. Introduced by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1987 under the guidance of Sam Pitroda, technology missions have become instrumental in addressing India’s food security, farmer welfare, and rural development objectives.​

The foundational concept of Technology Missions emphasizes clearly defined objectives, measurable outcomes, specific implementation timelines, and service levels achieved through technological advancements. This mission-mode approach has proven remarkably effective in transforming India’s agricultural landscape from a net food importer to a self-sufficient producer in several critical commodities.​

1. Technology Mission on Oilseeds, Pulses, and Maize (TMOPM)

Launch Year: 1986
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Overview and Objectives

The TMOPM represents one of India’s earliest and most successful technology missions, launched to address India’s critical dependence on imported edible oils and strengthen domestic food grain production. The mission encompasses a comprehensive strategy spanning from technology generation to market linkage.​

Four Major Objectives:

1. Production and Productivity Enhancement: Increase production and productivity of oilseeds, pulses, and maize through adoption of modern technologies and improved agronomic practices including high-yielding varieties (HYV), precision agriculture, and zero-tillage techniques.

2. Input Availability: Ensure timely availability of quality seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers at affordable prices through subsidies and capacity building of seed production infrastructure.

3. Post-Harvest Technology: Develop and implement post-harvest technologies to reduce storage losses, enhance shelf life of produce, and facilitate value addition at farm gate.

4. Research and Development: Promote continuous R&D in pulses, oilseeds, and maize to improve quality parameters, nutritional value, and yields through improved varieties.​

Components and Implementation

The mission operates through six integrated schemes:

Oilseeds Production Programme (OPP): Focuses on cultivation of nine major oilseed crops including groundnut, soybean, rapeseed-mustard, sunflower, sesamum, safflower, niger, castor, and linseed through promotion of high-yielding varieties and adoption of improved cultivation techniques like intercropping and crop rotation.

National Pulses Development Project (NPDP): Targets enhancement of pulse production through promotion of pulses like gram, lentil, pigeon pea, and moong, with specific emphasis on increasing area, productivity, and quality through improved technologies and market linkages.

Accelerated Maize Development Programme (AMDP): Promotes maize cultivation for both food and feed purposes through hybrid seed promotion, precision agriculture, and efficient fertilizer management.

Post-Harvest Technology (PHT): Addresses the critical gap between production and consumption by implementing technologies to minimize storage losses (typically 15-20%), improve processing efficiency, and enhance marketability of produce.

Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP): Encourages cultivation of oil palm, the highest-yielding oil crop, in suitable agro-climatic zones to supplement oilseed production.

National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board (NOVOD): Provides technical support, financial assistance, and market intelligence for non-traditional oilseeds and tree-borne oilseeds (TBOs) to expand the oilseed base.​

Key Strategies

The mission employs a multifaceted strategy including:

Seed Replacement Ratio (SRR) Improvement: Increasing the proportion of quality certified seeds used by farmers from government-authorized sources, currently targeting 25-30% replacement annually.

Irrigation Expansion: Diversifying cultivation areas from low-yielding cereals to oilseeds and pulses through expansion of irrigation coverage and efficient water management.

Intercropping and Crop Rotation: Promoting legume-based cropping systems to improve soil nitrogen content, reduce chemical fertilizer dependence, and enhance long-term soil fertility.

Fallow Land Utilization: Expanding cultivation into watershed areas, wastelands, and currently unutilized lands to increase net area under cultivation without reducing existing crop coverage.

Availability of Quality Planting Materials: Strengthening the seed production chain (nucleus-breeder-foundation-certified-truthfully labelled) to ensure continuous supply of superior quality planting materials.​

Impact and Outcomes

The TMOPM has delivered transformative results for India’s agriculture sector:

• Production Surge: India’s oilseed production increased from 5.4 million tonnes in 1986 to over 18 million tonnes, reducing import dependence significantly

• Pulse Production: Pulse production increased substantially, contributing to India becoming nearly self-sufficient in pulses

• Maize Growth: Record productivity improvements in maize with area and production increasing significantly

• Farmer Income: Significant enhancement in farmer income through productivity increases and market access

• Export Growth: Enhanced Indian agricultural product presence in global markets, particularly for mustard, groundnut, and quality pulses

2. National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)

Launch Year: 1986 (Restructured as NMOOP in 2014)
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Strategic Objectives and Restructuring

The NMOOP evolved from the original National Oilseeds Mission launched in 1986 with integration of oil palm cultivation in 2014 to address India’s persistent edible oil deficit. The mission represents an adaptive policy response to India’s growing vegetable oil requirements.​

Core Objectives:

1. Import Reduction: Decrease India’s dependence on imported edible oils by increasing domestic production of oilseeds and promoting oil palm cultivation in suitable regions.

2. Productivity Enhancement: Improve per-hectare productivity of oilseed crops through adoption of modern agronomic practices, distribution of improved seeds, and technology dissemination through extension networks.

3. Post-Harvest Management: Develop and implement processing technologies to reduce losses during storage, transportation, and processing, ensuring higher oil recovery and quality.

4. R&D and Quality Improvement: Strengthen research capabilities to develop climate-resilient varieties, disease-resistant cultivars, and crops with enhanced nutritional profiles.​

Three Mini-Missions Structure

The NMOOP operates through three specialized mini-missions:

Mini-Mission on Oilseeds: Focuses on traditional and non-traditional oilseed crops, emphasizing diversification of cultivation areas, promotion of improved varieties, and adoption of advanced farming practices like drip irrigation and precision fertilizer application.

Mini-Mission on Oil Palm: Promotes oil palm cultivation as the highest-yielding oilseed source (yielding 10 tonnes of oil per hectare compared to 1-2 tonnes for conventional oilseeds) in suitable zones like coastal Karnataka, Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and select areas in Odisha.

Mini-Mission on Tree-Borne Oilseeds (TBOs): Promotes sustainable extraction and value addition of oils from trees like neem, Jatropha, sal, and shea, contributing to wasteland utilization and livelihood generation without competing with food crops.​

Strategic Implementation

Seed Replacement Ratio Enhancement: Continuous promotion of certified seeds with regular varietal replacement cycles to maintain productivity levels and incorporate improvements from research outputs.

Irrigation Development: Strategic expansion of irrigation infrastructure in oilseed-growing regions through drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and water harvesting to increase production stability.

Crop Diversification: Encouragement of farmers in low-yield cereal areas to shift to oilseed cultivation, thereby optimizing land use and improving farmer income.

Technology Dissemination: Through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs), Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and extension networks to ensure rapid adoption of improved practices among farming communities.

Procurement and Processing: Strengthening of oilseed procurement systems at remunerative prices to ensure farmer participation and establishment of decentralized processing units for local oil production.​

3. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

Launch Year: 2010
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Foundational Concept and Climate Resilience Focus

The NMSA represents a paradigm shift in Indian agricultural policy from purely productivity-focused approaches to sustainability-oriented, climate-resilient agriculture. Launched as a key mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), the NMSA addresses the critical nexus between agricultural productivity and environmental conservation.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Sustainable Productivity: Enhance agricultural productivity while maintaining long-term viability of natural resources through balanced input use and conservation practices.

2. Climate Resilience: Build adaptive capacity of farming communities to respond to extreme weather events, changing precipitation patterns, and shifting agro-climatic conditions through location-specific farming models.

3. Soil Health Restoration: Improve soil fertility and productivity through integrated nutrient management, organic amendments, and conservation practices addressing nutrient mining and soil degradation.

4. Water Security and Efficiency: Optimize utilization of water resources through demand and supply-side management solutions, achieving “more crop per drop” while ensuring groundwater sustainability.

5. Capacity Development: Strengthen institutional and human capacity at farmer and stakeholder levels for adoption and management of sustainable agricultural systems.​

Components and Strategic Pillars

Integrated Farming System (IFS): Promotion of combined crop-livestock-fishery farming systems that:

• Enhance livelihood opportunities through diversified income sources

• Reduce risk through supplementary production systems

• Improve nutrient cycling and resource efficiency

• Maintain food security at household level

Soil Health Management: Implementation of soil fertility improvement programs including:

• Soil Health Card Distribution: Scientific soil testing and farmer-specific recommendations for balanced nutrient application

• Integrated Nutrient Management (INM): Combining organic, inorganic, and biological nutrient sources for optimal crop nutrition

• Crop Residue Management: Promotion of in-situ residue incorporation and recycling for soil carbon enhancement

• Reduced Tillage and Conservation Agriculture: Minimizing soil disturbance to protect soil structure and reduce erosion

Water Use Efficiency: Adoption of technologies promoting:

• Drip and sprinkler irrigation for precise water application

• Soil moisture conservation through mulching and bunding

• Rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge structures

• Efficient watershed management for rainfed areas

• Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater

Rainfed Technology Integration: Mainstreaming of technologies refined through National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) specifically for rainfed and low-irrigation areas including:

• Improved crop varieties suited to water-scarce conditions

• Rainwater harvesting and conservation measures

• Alternate cropping systems appropriate for rainfed zones

• Livelihood diversification through off-season horticulture and dairy

Institutional Convergence: Integration and coordination with complementary schemes like:

• Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) for land and water conservation

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for rural infrastructure development

• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) for state-specific agricultural development

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) for irrigation infrastructure​

Key Benefits and Outcomes

• Enhanced agricultural productivity through optimized input use

• Reduced farmer vulnerability to climate variability and extreme weather

• Improved soil fertility and long-term land productivity

• Better water availability and irrigation sustainability

• Enhanced livelihood opportunities through diversified production systems

• Reduced environmental degradation and improved ecosystem services

• Improved farm profitability through reduced input costs

4. National Livestock Mission (NLM)

Launch Year: 2014
Ministry: Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairying

Strategic Importance in Agriculture

The NLM represents recognition of livestock’s critical role in rural livelihoods and food security. Livestock contributes approximately 35% of agricultural GDP while providing employment to over 70 million rural households. The mission addresses challenges of low productivity, inadequate feed and fodder supply, and limited market access.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Productivity Enhancement: Improve per-animal productivity through scientific breed improvement, better nutrition, and health management, increasing milk yield, meat production, and egg output.

2. Fodder and Feed Security: Establish sustainable feed and fodder supply chains to address the widening demand-supply gap, currently exceeding 30% in many regions.

3. Disease Control and Animal Health: Strengthen disease surveillance systems, vaccination programs, and veterinary services to reduce mortality and morbidity in livestock.

4. Market Linkage and Value Addition: Establish linkages between producers and markets, promoting formation of farmer producer organizations (FPOs) and cooperatives.

5. Skill Development and Technology Transfer: Provide training to farmers in modern livestock management, scientific breeding, and entrepreneurship development.​

Four Major Components

1. Livestock Development:

Breed Improvement: Implementation of selective breeding programs to enhance genetic potential of indigenous livestock breeds for:

• Dairy Cattle: Crossbreeding programs with exotic germplasm while maintaining disease resistance of indigenous breeds

• Small Ruminants: Selective breeding of goats and sheep for improved meat and fiber quality

• Poultry: Promotion of improved poultry breeds for enhanced egg and meat production

• Indigenous Breed Conservation: Preservation of endangered native breeds through dedicated conservation programs and incentivized breeding by farmers

Artificial Insemination (AI): Expansion of AI infrastructure and services to ensure rapid genetic improvement across livestock sectors, reducing generation intervals and accelerating productivity gains.

Production Technologies: Promotion of scientific feeding practices, housing improvement, and health management protocols to optimize animal productivity.​

2. Feed and Fodder Development:

Fodder Seed Production Chain: Strengthening the complete seed supply system from nucleus to truthfully labelled seeds to ensure availability of certified quality fodder seeds for:

• Legume Fodders: Promotion of nitrogen-fixing fodders like berseem, lucerne, and stylo for improved nutrition

• Cereal Fodders: Enhanced availability of maize, bajra, and jowar fodder seeds for supplementary feeding

• Improved Grass Varieties: Introduction of high-yielding grass varieties with superior nutritional profile

Fodder Processing and Preservation: Establishment of units for:

• Chaff cutting and complete feed mixing to enhance feed utilization efficiency

• Silage and hay making facilities for off-season fodder availability

• Mineral mixture preparation for balanced nutrition supplementation

Pasture Development: Improvement of common grazing lands through appropriate species selection and management to enhance carrying capacity.​

3. Livestock Health and Disease Management:

Strengthened Veterinary Infrastructure:

• Establishment of new veterinary clinics and hospitals, particularly in remote areas

• Mobile veterinary clinics for rapid response to disease outbreaks

• Tele-veterinary services for remote consultations

Disease Surveillance and Control: Implementation of integrated disease management programs including:

• Real-time disease surveillance networks for early warning

• Vaccination campaigns for endemic diseases

• Support for control and eradication of disease outbreaks

Capacity Building: Training of livestock owners and animal health workers in:

• Disease recognition and prevention

• Basic health care procedures

• Hygiene and sanitation practices

• Biosecurity measures​

4. Skill Development, Entrepreneurship, and Market Linkage:

Employment Generation: Through entrepreneurship development programs in:

• Small ruminant (goat, sheep) farming and value addition

• Poultry and piggery units (particularly in NE states)

• Fodder production and processing enterprises

• Dairy and meat processing at village level

Market Infrastructure Development:

• Establishment of collection centers and chilling facilities

• Linkage with processing units for value addition

• Promotion of producer organizations for collective marketing

• Development of traceability systems for quality assurance

Risk Management: Implementation of livestock insurance schemes to protect farmers from unexpected production and price shocks, covering diseases, accidents, and mortality.​

Anticipated Outcomes

• Increased milk production contributing to food security and rural income

• Enhanced employment opportunities in rural areas

• Improved nutritional status of rural households through increased animal product consumption

• Sustainable intensification of livestock production systems

• Reduced vulnerability to production shocks through risk management mechanisms

• Enhanced export opportunities in global livestock products market

5. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

Launch Year: 2014
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Holistic Development Framework

The MIDH represents a consolidated and integrated approach to horticulture development, subsumming and consolidating previously fragmented schemes into a unified mission framework. Launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with phased expansion since 2014-15, MIDH covers all States and Union Territories with both Central and State government participation.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Production and Productivity Enhancement: Increase area coverage and per-hectare productivity of horticultural crops through promotion of improved varieties, modern cultivation practices, and scientific inputs management.

2. Post-Harvest Infrastructure Development: Establish integrated infrastructure reducing post-harvest losses (currently 25-35% for perishables) through:

• Cold storage and controlled atmosphere storage facilities

• Packhouses for sorting, grading, and value addition

• Integrated cold chain infrastructure for maintaining product quality

3. Market Linkage and Value Addition: Connect producers with consumers through:

• Modern market infrastructure development

• Direct farmer-to-buyer platforms and farmer producer organizations

• Processing and value addition infrastructure for crop diversification

4. Crop Diversification and Livelihood Improvement: Facilitate farmer transition from traditional cereals to higher-value horticultural crops through:

• Provision of quality planting materials

• Technical support and training

• Market intelligence and linkage

5. Capacity Building and Human Resource Development: Enhance skills and knowledge through training programs for farmers, extension workers, and entrepreneurs at all levels.​

Integrated Scheme Components

Production-Focused Programs:

Public Garden Development: Establishment of hi-tech nurseries and demonstration gardens for:

• Propagation of quality planting materials (seedlings, rooted cuttings, grafts)

• Technology demonstration and farmer exposure

• Farmer training in modern production practices

Rejuvenation of Senile Plantations: Rehabilitation of aged perennial crop plantations (coconut, arecanut, spices, medicinal plants) through:

• Uprooting and replanting with improved varieties

• Intercropping opportunities during establishment period

• Enhanced productivity from rejuvenated orchards

Protected Cultivation: Promotion of greenhouse farming technologies for:

• High-value crops requiring controlled environment

• Off-season production commanding premium prices

• Improved input efficiency and reduced pesticide use

Infrastructure and Market Linkage:

Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Financial support for:

• Cold storage facilities (conventional and CA storage)

• Packhouses for sorting, grading, waxing, and pre-cooling

• Grading and standardization units ensuring quality consistency

• Transportation infrastructure including reefer vehicles

Market Infrastructure: Development of:

• Farmer producer organization (FPO) support for collective marketing

• Direct market linkages and bypassing intermediaries

• E-commerce platforms for market reach expansion

• Brand development and geographic indication support

Technology and Human Resource:

Technology Transfer: Promotion of:

• Improved varieties and hybrids suited to regional conditions

• Precision agriculture applications for efficient resource use

• Organic and sustainable production methodologies

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and integrated nutrient management

Capacity Building: Programs targeting:

• Farmers for production technology adoption

• Youth for agricultural entrepreneurship and skill development

• Women farmer groups for income generation and livelihood improvement

• Extension workers for effective technology dissemination​

Coverage and Implementation

The mission covers comprehensive horticultural crops including:

• Fruits: Mango, banana, citrus, pineapple, and temperate fruits

• Vegetables: Tomato, onion, potato, cabbage, and leafy vegetables

• Spices: Turmeric, chilli, cardamom, and other value-added spices

• Flowers: Rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, and exotic ornamentals

• Coconut, Cashew, and Cocoa: Tree crops promoting sustainable intensification

• Bamboo: Multi-purpose crop for livelihood and environmental conservation

• Aromatic Plants: Medicinal and aromatic plant cultivation for pharmaceuticals and perfumery

Quantified Achievements

• Area Expansion: Coverage expanded to 4.5 lakh hectares under rejuvenation and 11 lakh hectares under new horticulture crops

• Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Establishment of approximately 19,000 post-harvest management and market infrastructure units

• Production Growth: Horticulture production increased by 14% during 2014-15 to 2019-20 period with 9% area expansion

• Self-Sufficiency: Achievement of self-sufficiency in horticulture while establishing strong export position

• Export Growth: Enhanced exports of horticultural products, particularly fruits, vegetables, and spices, generating foreign exchange

6. National Mission on Food Processing (NMFP)

Launch Year: 2014
Ministry: Ministry of Food Processing Industries

Strategic Rationale and Objectives

The NMFP addresses the critical gap in India’s food supply chain, where approximately 30-35% of agricultural produce is lost due to inadequate post-harvest management and processing infrastructure. The mission recognizes food processing as a key lever for agricultural value addition, employment generation, and farmer income enhancement.​

Core Objectives:

1. Value Addition: Maximize value addition through development of food processing sector for:

• Agricultural and horticultural produce processing

• Reduction of post-harvest losses to processing stage

• Development of new products and market opportunities

2. Employment Generation: Create employment opportunities, particularly in:

• Rural areas for off-farm income generation

• Food processing units at village and cluster levels

• Downstream activities like packaging, logistics, and marketing

3. Infrastructure Development: Establish modern and efficient food processing infrastructure including:

• Cold chain development for perishables

• Storage facilities at farm gate level

• Transportation infrastructure for efficient logistics

• Processing units with appropriate technology

4. Quality and Safety Standards: Ensure compliance with food safety regulations through:

• Implementation of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) protocols

• ISO certification support for quality assurance

• FSSAI compliance for food safety standards

• International food safety requirement fulfillment

5. Entrepreneurship and Skill Development: Promote MSMEs and self-help groups through:

• Skill training in food processing techniques

• Business development support and incubation

• Technology transfer for production efficiency

• Financial assistance for unit establishment

6. Market Linkage and Export Promotion: Connect processors with domestic and international markets through:

• Brand development and geographic indication support

• Market intelligence and export promotion

• Quality certification and traceability systems

• Trade promotion activities​

Major Schemes and Components

Technology Up-Gradation and Establishment Scheme: Financial assistance for:

• Establishment of new food processing units

• Modernization and expansion of existing units

• Technology import and adoption for efficiency improvement

• Renewable energy adoption for sustainable operations

Cold Chain and Post-Harvest Management Infrastructure:

• Cold storage facilities for horticultural and non-horticultural produce

• Reefer vehicles for temperature-controlled transportation

• Mobile processing units for dispersed agricultural areas

• Farm gate collection and chilling centers

Primary Processing Infrastructure:

• Primary collection and processing centers in rural areas

• Decentralized processing units for crop diversification

• Pulping, canning, drying, and preservation units

• Quality testing laboratories

Skill Development and Training:

• Institutional training programs for technical skill development

• Entrepreneurship training for business management

• Safety and hygiene certification courses

• Customized training for specialized processing

Promotional Activities:

• Participation in national and international food fairs

• Brand development and marketing campaigns

• Digital platform development for market reach

• Certification and quality mark promotion​

Implementation Approach

The mission follows a decentralized, state-centric implementation strategy recognizing diverse agricultural profiles and regional requirements. States are provided flexibility to:

• Identify priority sectors based on local agricultural strengths

• Design programs addressing regional value chains

• Target backward and forward linkages unique to region

• Ensure optimal use of local agricultural resources

Integrated Value Chain Approach: Emphasizes backward linkage with farmers through:

• Contract farming arrangements ensuring raw material supply

• Farmer producer organizations (FPOs) for collective marketing

• Guaranteed procurement at reasonable prices

• Technology transfer to farming communities for product standardization

7. Technology Mission on Cotton (TMC)

Launch Year: 2000
Ministry: Ministry of Textiles

Strategic Context and Objectives

The TMC was launched to initiate the “Silver Fiber Revolution” in India’s cotton sector, addressing declining productivity, poor fiber quality, and high production costs that were eroding India’s global competitiveness in cotton production and textile manufacturing.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Productivity Enhancement: Increase cotton yield through:

• Promotion of improved high-yielding cotton varieties

• Adoption of modern cultivation practices

• Efficient pest management systems

• Optimized fertilizer and water use

2. Quality Improvement: Enhance fiber quality parameters including:

• Staple length and strength characteristics

• Fineness and uniformity metrics

• Reduction of impurities and trash content

• Overall grading standards improvement

3. Cost Reduction: Decrease production costs through:

• Improved agronomic practices reducing input requirements

• Mechanization of farming operations

• Precision agriculture adoption

• Pest and disease management efficiency

4. Economic Viability: Enhance farmer profitability through:

• Increased yields per hectare

• Premium prices for quality improvement

• Cost reduction per unit of production

• Reduced pesticide and fertilizer expenditure​

Four Mini-Missions Structure

Mini-Mission I: Cotton Research and Technology Generation

• Development of improved cotton varieties suited to diverse agro-climatic zones

• Research on pest and disease resistance traits

• Agronomic research for production optimization

• Technology refinement through field trials and demonstrations

• Research institution capacity building

Mini-Mission II: Transfer of Technology and Development

• Large-scale demonstration of improved technologies through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs)

• Formation of farmer groups for collective learning and adoption

• Extension service strengthening through training of extension workers

• Farmer field schools for practical skill development

• Technology dissemination through mass media and digital platforms

Mini-Mission III: Development of Market Infrastructure

• Establishment of cotton ginning and pressing infrastructure

• Modern market facilities for transparent price discovery

• Quality testing and standardization facilities

• Linkage with textile mills for direct marketing

Mini-Mission IV: Modernization and Ginning Press Factories

• Replacement of obsolete ginning machinery with modern, efficient equipment

• Establishment of new ginning factories in high-production areas

• Technological upgradation for improved fiber recovery and quality

• Environmental compliance and waste management improvements​

Key Achievements and Impact

The TMC has significantly transformed India’s cotton sector:

• Production Expansion: India emerged as world’s largest cotton producer and exporter

• Productivity Growth: Substantial increases in yield per hectare through technology adoption

• Quality Improvement: Enhanced fiber quality meeting global textile industry standards

• Farmer Income: Significant income enhancement through productivity and quality improvements

• Export Growth: Strong position in global cotton trade with enhanced competitiveness

• Sustainability: Adoption of environment-friendly practices reducing chemical usage

8. Jute Technology Mission (JTM)

Launch Year: 2015 (Earlier initiatives from 2006-07)
Ministry: Ministry of Textiles

Strategic Importance and Objectives

The JTM was designed to revitalize India’s historically significant jute sector, addressing challenges of declining area under cultivation, stagnant productivity, obsolete processing technology, and limited market access. Jute remains important for biodegradable packaging, sustainable livelihoods, and environmental conservation.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Productivity and Quality Improvement: Enhance jute yield and fiber quality through:

• Improved crop varieties suited to different agro-climatic zones

• Modern cultivation practices and agronomic refinement

• Quality improvement through improved retting techniques

• Research-based variety development

2. Research and Technology Development: Strengthen jute sector R&D for:

• Development of disease-resistant and high-yielding varieties

• Diversified jute product (JDP) development for market expansion

• Processing technology improvement for quality enhancement

• Alternative uses and value addition opportunities

3. Industry Modernization: Upgrade jute industry infrastructure through:

• Replacement of outdated machinery with modern, efficient equipment

• Establishment of eco-friendly manufacturing units

• Green technology adoption for reduced environmental impact

• Productivity and quality improvement through technological modernization

4. Market Development and Export Promotion:

• Development of diversified jute products for varied market segments

• Market linkages between farmers, processors, and international buyers

• Export promotion through quality certification and branding

• Global market positioning for Indian jute products​

Four Mini-Missions Framework

Mini-Mission I: Research and Technology

Coordinated by DARE/ICAR, focusing on:

• Development of improved jute varieties with enhanced yield and disease resistance

• Protection technologies against major pests and diseases

• Retting process improvement for enhanced fiber quality

• Six research schemes with Rs 7.05 crore allocation

Mini-Mission II: Market Development and Processing

Focusing on:

• Diversified jute products development for industrial and consumer applications

• Pulp and paper industry utilization of jute and allied fibers

• Processing efficiency improvements

• Eighteen schemes with Rs 49.90 crore allocation

Mini-Mission III: Technology Transfer and Extension

Coordinated by Ministry of Textiles, emphasizing:

• Farmer training in improved production practices

• Technology transfer programs for quality improvement through improved retting

• Farmer group formation and capacity building

• Five schemes with Rs 64.58 crore allocation

Mini-Mission IV: Industry Modernization

Focusing on:

• Replacement of obsolete machinery with modern, efficient equipment

• Establishment of green-field modernized mills in suitable locations

• Capital subsidy support at 20% (up to Rs 75 lakh for existing mills, Rs 1 crore for NE states)

• Worker training for technology adoption and operational efficiency

• Rs 234.02 crore allocation with track record of Rs 518.61 crore investment​

Outcomes and Implementation

• Modernization: Rs 518.61 crore investment for modernization in 120 units across India

• Productivity: Improved productivity through technology adoption and better management practices

• Human Resource: Training of over 24,000 workers for sustainable capability development

• Research: Conducted 21 market-driven R&D studies for product diversification

• Quality Management: Implementation of TQM and process excellence in jute mills

9. Technology Mission on Coconut (TMC)

Launch Year: 2014
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Strategic Importance and Current Status

The Technology Mission on Coconut addresses the dual challenge of improving coconut productivity while promoting sustainable cultivation in India, one of the world’s major coconut-producing countries. The mission has received sixfold increase in support post-2020, reflecting renewed commitment to coconut farmer prosperity.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Productivity and Profitability Enhancement:

• Increase coconut yield through adoption of improved varieties

• Promote efficient cultivation practices for optimal resource use

• Improve soil health through integrated nutrient management

• Adopt precision agriculture techniques for productivity optimization

2. Sustainable Cultivation Practices:

• Promote organic and eco-friendly coconut farming

• Encourage intercropping systems for livelihood diversification

• Implement water conservation and efficient irrigation

• Integrate livestock and fishery with coconut cultivation

3. Research and Technology Development:

• Development of high-yielding, disease-resistant coconut varieties

• Coconut pest and disease management technologies

• Post-harvest technology and value addition research

• Processing and storage technology improvement

4. Capacity Building and Entrepreneurship:

• Farmer training in scientific coconut cultivation

• Skill development for value addition activities

• Promotion of coconut-based enterprises

• Support for farmer producer organizations​

Key Initiatives and Support

Post-Harvest Processing and Value Addition:

• Coconut oil extraction and refinement units with modern technology

• Virgin coconut oil production facilities

• Coconut sugar (jaggery) manufacturing units

• Shell-based product development (activated charcoal, handicrafts)

• Coir (coconut fiber) processing for industrial applications

• Coconut powder and desiccated coconut production

Infrastructure Support:

• Drip irrigation systems for water-efficient production

• Modernized processing units for value addition

• Storage and preservation infrastructure

• Transportation and logistics support for market linkage

Financial Assistance:

Sixfold increase in support under the mission post-2020, providing enhanced assistance for:

• Saplings and planting materials

• Technology upgradation and capacity building

• Infrastructure development for post-harvest management

• Market linkage and export promotion​

Expected Outcomes

• Enhanced coconut farmer profitability and livelihood improvement

• Increased production through productivity improvement

• Expanded markets for coconut and coconut-based products

• Employment generation through value addition activities

• Sustainable and eco-friendly coconut cultivation systems

• Enhanced export of processed coconut products

10. National Saffron Mission (NSM)

Launch Year: 2010-11 (Revived in 2020)
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare / Ministry of Science and Technology

Strategic Context and Revival

The NSM was initially launched in 2010-11 with Rs 371.18 crore outlay to address the crisis in saffron cultivation in Jammu and Kashmir, where production had declined dramatically due to housing construction on productive land, antiquated cultivation practices, poor irrigation, and inadequate post-harvest management. The mission was revived in 2020 with expanded vision to introduce saffron cultivation in North Eastern regions.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Production Increase: Enhance saffron yields through:

• Adoption of improved cultivation techniques (pluriannual method from Iran/Spain)

• Introduction of high-yielding corm varieties (weighing >8 gm)

• Modern irrigation systems for optimal water management

• Productivity enhancement from current low levels (1.88 kg/ha)

2. Quality Enhancement: Improve saffron quality through:

• Proper harvesting and post-harvest techniques

• Quality testing and standardization systems

• Reduction of adulteration and admixture

• Development of quality-based marketing systems

3. Irrigation Infrastructure: Strengthen water availability through:

• Borewell construction in saffron areas

• Drip irrigation system installation (50% subsidy on sprinkler sets)

• Lift irrigation scheme strengthening (Lathipora scheme on Jehlum)

• Sprinkler equipment provision to farmers with subsidies

4. Research and Extension: Enhance knowledge systems through:

• Improved variety development suited to regional conditions

• Agronomic research for production optimization

• Technology adaptation to climate challenges

• Extension services for farmer training

5. Capacity Building and Market Development: Strengthen farmer capabilities and market linkage through:

• Training in modern cultivation practices

• Support for cooperative formation and marketing

• Infrastructure for processing and standardization

• Market linkage for premium saffron products​

Saffron Cultivation Innovations

Pluriannual Method: Modern cultivation system originating from Iran and Spain where:

• Saffron plants remain in soil for two continuous years after initial establishment

• Quality corms above 8 gm selected for replanting

• Crop cycles optimized for higher flower yields

• Labor efficiency improved through systematic management

Irrigation System Optimization:

• Sprinkler Irrigation Technology: Efficient water application ensuring timely corm sprouting and good flower yields, reducing water wastage

• Lift Irrigation: Strengthening surface water sources through improved lift systems

• Borewell Infrastructure: Groundwater tapping for assured supply

Implementation Strategy

Phase 1 (2010-14): Initial focus on Jammu and Kashmir with:

• Infrastructure development (Rs 286.06 crore Central share, Rs 85.12 crore farmer share)

• Approximately 3,700 sprinkler sets provided with 50% subsidy

• Irrigation facility enhancement through various modalities

Phase 2 (2020 onwards): Expanded geographical scope through:

• NECTAR (North East Centre For Technology Application and Reach): Piloting saffron cultivation in North Eastern region

• Sikkim Initiative: Successful sample farming in Yangyang area based on climate similarity with Pampore (Kashmir)

• Crocus Sativus Propagation: Transportation of saffron flowers from Kashmir to Sikkim for cultivation trials

• Regional Adaptation: Development of cultivation protocols suitable for North Eastern conditions

Anticipated Outcomes

• Revival of saffron production in Kashmir reducing risk of genetic extinction

• Socio-economic improvement of 30,000+ saffron farmer families in Kashmir

• Expansion of saffron cultivation to North Eastern states through climate-similar zones

• Development of organized marketing system for premium saffron products

• Enhanced export of saffron to West Asian and European markets

• Global market positioning of Indian saffron

11. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

Launch Year: 2007-08 (11th Five-Year Plan)
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Foundational Concept and Strategic Approach

The NFSM was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme based on recommendations from the National Development Council’s agriculture subcommittee to address stagnant food grain production despite increasing population demands. Operating across 638 districts nationwide, the mission represents a comprehensive strategy for achieving and maintaining food security through sustainable productivity growth.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Food Grain Production Increase: Boost production through:

• Area expansion under high-priority crops

• Per-hectare productivity enhancement through technology adoption

• Increased use of improved seeds and inputs

• Expansion of cultivation into previously underutilized areas

2. Soil Fertility and Health Restoration:

• Integrated soil health management practices

• Soil testing and nutrient recommendation systems

• Organic matter incorporation and microbial activity enhancement

• Mitigation of soil degradation and nutrient mining

3. Farm Income Enhancement:

• Improved product quality commanding premium prices

• Reduced input costs through efficient management

• Direct market linkages minimizing intermediaries

• Value addition at farm gate level

4. Employment Generation:

• Direct employment through agriculture intensification

• Indirect employment through value chain activities

• Livelihood diversification opportunities

• Rural economic growth and poverty reduction​

Target Crops and Implementation Focus

Primary Crops:

Rice: Focus on increased productivity, especially in eastern regions through:

• Improved variety adoption

• System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for efficient water and input use

• Direct seeded rice for labor efficiency

• Integrated pest management for reduced pesticide use

Wheat: Emphasis on productivity in wheat-growing regions through:

• Bed-planting technology for water and input efficiency

• Zero-tillage to reduce costs and improve soil health

• Improved variety promotion

• Precision nutrient application

Pulses: Special emphasis under NFSM-Pulses component due to deficiency:

• Area expansion into suitable regions

• Improved pulse varieties offering higher returns

• Better crop establishment and management

• Direct linkage to procurement agencies

Coarse Cereals: Production enhancement for nutrition and livestock feed:

• Millet, maize, and barley promotion

• Suitable for rainfed and marginal land cultivation

• Nutritional content emphasis

• Growing demand for health-conscious consumers

Nutri-Cereals and Commercial Crops: Extended coverage including:

• Sugarcane for industrial and food use

• Cotton for textile industry

• Jute for natural fiber market

• Emerging crops based on regional comparative advantage​

Strategic Components

Inputs and Technology:

• Seed replacement with improved high-yielding varieties

• Bio-fertilizers and organic inputs promotion

• Precision fertilizer application through soil testing

• Modern equipment access through farm mechanization services

Structural Support:

• Demonstration of improved practices through Farmer Field Schools

• Extension worker training for effective technology dissemination

• Farmer producer organizations for collective action

• Linkage with research institutions for technology access

Soil and Water Management:

• Watershed development for rainfed agriculture strengthening

• Irrigation infrastructure expansion in command areas

• Water harvesting and conservation structures

• Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater

Market Linkage:

• Farmer producer organizations formation and support

• Direct government procurement at support prices

• Market intelligence and price information systems

• Value addition infrastructure at village level​

Achievements and Target

Eleventh Plan Achievement:

• Additional rice, wheat, and pulse production exceeding 20 million metric tonnes target

• Significant area stabilization and productivity enhancement

• Foundation laid for continued production growth

Twelfth Five-Year Plan Target:

• Additional food grain production target of 25 million MT

• Expansion to include coarse cereals and commercial crops

• Continued focus on sustainability and farmer profitability

12. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

Launch Year: 2015
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Strategic Rationale and Core Concept

The PMKSY was launched on July 1, 2015, with the motto of “Har Khet Ko Paani” (Water to Every Field) addressing India’s critical irrigation gaps affecting 60% of agricultural area. The scheme emphasizes “Per Drop-More Crop” through precision irrigation and integrated water resource management, representing a comprehensive solution to agricultural productivity constraints arising from water scarcity.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Irrigation Coverage Expansion: Enhance physical water access through:

• Creation of water sources (dams, reservoirs, tanks, ponds)

• Development of irrigation distribution infrastructure

• Expansion of cultivable area under assured irrigation

• Focus on historically underserved regions

2. Water Use Efficiency: Optimize utilization through:

• Precision irrigation adoption (drip, sprinkler, micro)

• Improved on-farm water management practices

• Reduced wastage and enhanced availability duration

• Water conservation and recycling systems

3. Groundwater Sustainability: Ensure long-term water security through:

• Aquifer recharge enhancement through rain water harvesting

• Borewell recharge structures in suitable areas

• Conjunctive use strategies for balanced groundwater extraction

• Sustainable water extraction practices

4. Rainfed Area Development: Integrated watershed approach for:

• Soil and water conservation measures

• Runoff harvesting and storage

• Livelihood diversification in rainfed zones

• Natural resource management activities​

Dual-Track Implementation Strategy

Track 1: Source Creation and Distribution

Command Area Development (CAD):

• Rehabilitation and modernization of existing irrigation systems

• Expansion of distribution networks to command areas

• Technology adoption for leakage reduction

• Infrastructure development for water storage and distribution

Micro Irrigation Promotion:

• Drip irrigation for row crops and perennials

• Sprinkler systems for field crops

• Subsidy support for precise water application

• Maintenance support and capacity building

Groundwater Development:

• Borewell drilling and development in suitable areas

• Aquifer mapping and assessment

• Lift irrigation systems for surface water utilization

• Renewable energy power systems for sustainability

Track 2: Rainfed Area Development

Watershed Development:

• Soil and water conservation structures (contour bunds, check dams)

• Land treatment and vegetation development

• Groundwater recharge enhancement

• Livelihood improvement through diversified production systems

Rain Water Harvesting:

• In-situ moisture conservation through appropriate structures

• Ex-situ storage facilities at micro-level

• Small tanks and ponds for community use

• Recycled water utilization systems

Water Conservation Practices:

• Mulching and soil management for moisture retention

• Crop diversification suited to water availability

• Efficient crop scheduling and selection

• Adoption of water-saving technologies​

Integrated Value Chain Approach

The PMKSY emphasizes a comprehensive approach encompassing:

• Water Source: Creation and development of irrigation sources

• Distribution: Efficient conveyance systems minimizing losses

• Management: Scientific water allocation and scheduling

• Field Application: Precision irrigation technology adoption

• Extension: Farmer training and capacity building

• Monitoring: Real-time assessment and adaptive management

Key Components and Schemes

Per Drop More Crop (PDMC):

• Precision irrigation technology promotion

• Subsidy support for drip and sprinkler systems

• Water conveyance system efficiency improvement

• Farmer training and extension support

Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Program (AIBP):

• Completion of ongoing irrigation projects

• Command area development and system efficiency

• Institutional strengthening for O&M

• Water users’ association formation and capacity building

Har Khet Ko Paani (HKKP):

• Rainfed area development through watershed approach

• In-situ and ex-situ moisture conservation

• Groundwater recharge structures

• Diversified livelihood production systems

Convergence and Complementarity:

• Integration with MGNREGA for irrigation structure construction

• Coordination with RKVY for state-specific development

• Complementarity with soil health and nutrient management programs

• Synergy with crop insurance and market linkage initiatives​

Quantified Targets and Allocation

• Budget Outlay: Rs 50,000 crore for 2015-16 to 2019-20 period

• Coverage Expansion: Bringing additional cultivable area under assured irrigation

• Irrigation Efficiency: Improving water use efficiency to reduce per unit water consumption

• Groundwater Sustainability: Enhancing recharge and ensuring sustainable extraction

• Rainfed Area: Integrated development approach for 30-40% rainfall areas

13. Soil Health Card Scheme (SHCS)

Launch Year: 2015
Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Scientific Foundation and Strategic Importance

The SHCS was launched on February 19, 2015, to address the critical challenge of declining soil fertility and nutrient imbalances across Indian agricultural lands. Despite increasing chemical fertilizer use, Indian soils suffer from multi-nutrient deficiencies, particularly in secondary nutrients (sulfur) and micronutrients (zinc, boron, copper), while simultaneously experiencing nitrogen and phosphorus depletion.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Soil Test-Based Nutrient Management:

• Promotion of soil analysis before crop planning

• Crop-specific nutrient recommendations based on soil characteristics

• Balanced nutrient application reducing wastage and cost

• Scientific approach replacing farmer intuition and traditional practices

2. Soil Health Improvement:

• Restoration of soil fertility and productivity

• Mitigation of nutrient deficiencies through targeted application

• Improvement of soil physical and biological properties

• Long-term sustainability of soil resource base

3. Farmer Income Enhancement:

• Reduced input costs through efficient nutrient application

• Increased yields through optimized nutrient management

• Improved soil health leading to reduced disease pressure

• Enhanced crop quality commanding better market prices

4. Environmental Protection:

• Reduction in excessive chemical fertilizer use

• Prevention of groundwater contamination from nutrient leaching

• Soil and water pollution mitigation

• Sustainable agricultural practices adoption​

Scheme Design and Implementation

Soil Testing Infrastructure:

• Establishment of soil testing laboratories at district and block levels

• Training of laboratory personnel in standard testing procedures

• Quality assurance and calibration of testing equipment

• Regular performance evaluation and upgradation of labs

Soil Sample Collection:

• Village-level collection of soil samples at farmer doorstep

• Systematic sampling protocols ensuring representativeness

• Regular sampling cycles (typically every 2-3 years) for continuous monitoring

• Digital recording of sample locations and farmer details

Laboratory Analysis:

• Testing of 12 critical soil parameters including:

  • Macronutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K)

  • Secondary Nutrients: Sulfur (S), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg)

  • Micronutrients: Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn)

  • Physical Parameters: Soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC)

• Standard analytical procedures following recognized protocols

• Quality assurance through regular calibration and internal controls

• Testing capacity building through training programs

Soil Health Card Preparation:

• Comprehensive cards carrying:

  • Soil test results for all 12 parameters

  • Nutrient status compared to critical soil test values

  • Crop-specific nutrient recommendations

  • Suggested doses for nutrients requiring application

  • Remedial measures for identified deficiencies

  • General recommendations for soil health improvement

• Farmer-friendly presentation using local language

• Color-coded systems for easy understanding

• QR codes linking to digital information systems

• Regular updates reflecting soil condition changes over time​

Policy and Farmer Benefits

Three-Year Issuance Cycle:

• Regular soil health card issuance to all farmers ensuring continuous monitoring

• Farmers enabled to track soil condition changes over time

• Adaptive management based on ongoing soil test results

• Informed decision-making for crop selection and input application

Employment Generation:

• Rural youth employment as soil sample collectors

• Soil tester training and career development

• Extension worker positions for farmer awareness

• Sustainable livelihood opportunities in villages

Linkage with Other Programs:

• Integration with Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana for water-nutrient optimization

• Convergence with National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture for resource efficiency

• Complementarity with agricultural extension services

• Support to organic farming promotion programs

Achievements and Coverage

Distribution Targets and Progress:

• Target of issuing 14 crore soil health cards to all farmers

• By February 2016: 1.12 crore cards distributed with 81 lakh samples collected and 52 lakh tested

• By May 2017: 725 lakh (7.25 crore) cards distributed, demonstrating significant expansion

• Ongoing distribution with state-wise acceleration programs

Budget Allocation:

• Rs 568 crore initial allocation for scheme implementation

• Rs 100 crore allocation in 2016 Union Budget for lab establishment and equipment

• Continued budgetary support for periodic soil testing and card issuance

14. Green India Mission (GIM)

Launch Year: 2014
Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Strategic Linkage to Agriculture and Climate Change

The GIM, while primarily a forestry and environmental mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), has critical linkages to agriculture through its focus on sustainable land management, ecosystem services supporting agriculture, and livelihood support for farming communities. Revitalized with revised roadmap for 2021-2030, GIM addresses deforestation, land degradation, and climate-induced vulnerabilities affecting agricultural productivity.​

Primary Objectives:

1. Forest and Tree Cover Expansion:

• Increase forest cover on 5 million hectares of forest/non-forest land

• Improve quality of forest cover on additional 5 million hectares

• Enhance carrying capacity through ecosystem restoration

• Increase carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation

2. Ecosystem Service Enhancement:

• Biodiversity conservation and habitat protection

• Water cycle management and groundwater recharge

• Nutrient cycling and soil health maintenance

• Biomass production for fuel and fodder

3. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation:

• Enhanced carbon sinks through forest expansion

• Adaptation of vulnerable species and ecosystems to climate change

• Livelihood support for climate-vulnerable forest communities

• Resilience building against climate-induced disasters

4. Community Livelihood Improvement:

• Income generation through forest products and services

• Employment in forest-related activities

• Social security through forest-dependent livelihoods

• Women empowerment through forest resource access​

Strategic Components and Landscape Approach

Ecosystem-Specific Focus:

Mangrove Ecosystems:

• Restoration and protection of mangrove forests

• Carbon sequestration enhancement through wetland systems

• Coastal livelihood support and disaster resilience

• Biodiversity conservation in coastal zones

Wetlands and Aquatic Systems:

• Wetland ecosystem conservation and restoration

• Water availability for downstream agricultural users

• Biodiversity hotspot protection

• Hydrological cycle management

Critical Habitats and Biodiversity Hotspots:

• Restoration of critical wildlife habitats

• Protection of threatened species and ecosystems

• Landscape connectivity for species movement

• Ecosystem service provision

Arid and Semi-Arid Landscapes:

• Afforestation and natural regeneration in degraded areas

• Soil conservation and erosion control

• Water availability enhancement

• Livelihood diversification through silvi-pastoral systems

Forest and Non-Forest Land Integration:

• Community forestry and agroforestry promotion

• Urban and peri-urban greening

• Agricultural land conversion for tree cover

• Integrated land use planning​

Implementation Strategy and Community Participation

Landscape-Level Planning:

• Large contiguous area management approach

• Inter-sectoral coordination for integrated management

• Multi-stakeholder participation in planning and implementation

• Convergence with related schemes and programs

Community Involvement and Ownership:

• Grassroots organizations and local community leadership

• Farmer and youth participation in implementation

• Women farmer groups for income generation

• Indigenous knowledge integration with scientific forestry

Institutional Mechanisms:

• Formation of village forest committees and user groups

• Training and capacity building of community leaders

• Convergence mechanisms linking agricultural and forest programs

• Monitoring systems for adaptive management

Revised Roadmap for 2021-2030

The recently released revised GIM roadmap (June 2025) emphasizes:

Vulnerable Landscape Restoration:

• Aravalli Ranges Restoration: Protection and regeneration of critical water source and biodiversity area

• Western Ghats Conservation: Protection of biodiversity hotspot and critical watershed

• Himalayan Ecosystem: High-altitude ecosystem restoration for climate resilience

• Mangrove Enhancement: Coastal ecosystem protection and livelihood support

Integrated Approach:

• Complementarity with agricultural extension for agroforestry promotion

• Water security linkage through groundwater recharge

• Livelihood diversification for agricultural communities

• Climate adaptation support for vulnerable populations​

Expected Outcomes and Benefits

• Increased forest and tree cover supporting ecosystem services

• Enhanced biodiversity and wildlife habitat protection

• Improved water availability for irrigation and domestic use

• Carbon sequestration contributing to climate change mitigation

• Livelihood support for forest-dependent communities

• Reduced land degradation and improved soil health

• Disaster resilience through ecosystem restoration

Integration and Synergy Among Missions

Technology missions in agriculture operate within an integrated ecosystem with significant complementarities and synergies:

Water-Productivity Nexus:

The PMKSY provides irrigation infrastructure while NMSA focuses on efficient water use at farm level through soil and water conservation, working synergistically for optimal water productivity.

Soil-Nutrient-Productivity Linkage:

SHCS provides scientific soil test information enabling farmers to optimize nutrient application, while NMSA promotes integrated nutrient management practices, together enhancing soil health and productivity.

Production-Processing-Marketing Chain:

NFSM, TMOPM, and NMOOP focus on production enhancement while NMFP addresses value addition, creating integrated supply chains from producer to consumer with reduced losses.

Sectoral Integration:

NLM complements crop-focused missions through integrated farming systems promotion, enabling farmers to diversify income and maintain soil health through livestock-crop integration.

Sustainability-Productivity Balance:

NMSA and GIM emphasize sustainability while crop-specific missions focus on productivity, together achieving sustainable intensification goals.​

Why Technology Missions Face Limited Success: Challenges and Barriers

Despite significant investments and positive outcomes, technology missions face several implementation challenges:

1. Farm-Lab Gap:

Many farmers remain unaware of modern technologies and government initiatives, with limited extension service reach in remote areas, causing knowledge-adoption lag and reduced mission effectiveness.

2. Fragmented Implementation:

Missions often operate in silos without adequate convergence with existing programs, resulting in duplication, suboptimal resource utilization, and limited synergistic benefits.

3. Small and Marginal Farmer Constraints:

The 86% of Indian farmers who are small and marginal face financial constraints limiting adoption of modern technologies, requiring significant subsidy support for viability.

4. Infrastructure Deficits:

Inadequate cold storage, poor market infrastructure, limited transportation networks, and weak extension services constrain mission effectiveness in translating production into tangible farmer benefits.

5. Lack of Integration:

Insufficient integration of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), NGOs, and Panchayati Raj Institutions in implementation limits community participation and localized problem-solving.

6. Sustainability Concerns:

Many missions emphasize production over sustainability, potentially creating long-term resource degradation that undermines future productivity.

Way Forward: Strengthening Technology Missions

To enhance effectiveness and sustainability of technology missions:

1. Digital Technology Integration:

Mainstream blockchain, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and precision agriculture to maximize resource utilization, improve decision-making, and minimize waste through real-time monitoring.

2. Farmer-Centric Innovations:

Develop and deploy cutting-edge technologies addressing specific challenges of small and marginal farmers, including affordable access to credit, markets, and information through digital platforms.

3. Soil Health as Foundation:

Strengthen focus on crop rotation, cover crops, soil testing, and organic farming to enhance agricultural system resilience to climate change while reducing input costs and improving long-term sustainability.

4. Public-Private Partnerships:

Encourage collaboration between government, research institutions, and private sector for:

• Technology co-creation addressing farmer needs

• Commercial scaling of proven technologies

• Market infrastructure development

• Quality assurance and certification systems

5. Capacity Enhancement:

Invest in comprehensive training programs equipping farmers, extension agents, and stakeholders with skills and knowledge for technology adoption and sustainable practices through farmer field schools and online platforms.

6. Sustainability Integration:

Promote technologies supporting integrated pest control, conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and climate-resilient farming systems, balancing productivity with environmental conservation and social inclusion.​

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING