Daily Insights November 4, 2025

Daily Insights November 4, 2025

1. India Develops Quantum Technology Network for Digital Security

Context: Department of Science & Technology (DST) Secretary Abhay Karandikar announced plans to develop a Quantum Technology Network using quantum encryption to safeguard India’s digital economy and critical digital assets against cyber threats.​ (Indian Express)

Key Facts:

Background – National Quantum Mission (NQM):

• Launch Date: April 2023

• Budget: ₹6,003.65 crore (2023-24 to 2030-31)

• Status: Seventh country with dedicated quantum mission (after US, Austria, Finland, France, Canada, China)

• Implementing Agency: Department of Science & Technology

Current Progress:

• Four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) established across top academic and R&D institutes

• 17 proposals selected for development across four domains

• Private sector participation: 8 startups supported; QpiAI (Bengaluru) launched India’s most powerful quantum computers with 25 superconducting qubits

• Target: Scale up to 64 qubits (2-3 years), then 100, 500+ qubits

Quantum Technology Network Initiative:

Purpose: Create indigenous, quantum-safe network framework to secure India’s:

• Digital infrastructure

• Banking systems and cryptocurrency transactions

• Unified Payment Interface (UPI) – billions of digital transactions monthly

• Critical government communications

• Defence systems

Task Force Formation:

• Multi-sectoral composition: Banks, SEBI, industry, academia

• First meeting: September 2025, New Delhi

• Stakeholders: Securities regulators, telecom sector, finance institutions

• Consultation ongoing at India Mobile Congress, Delhi

Four Core Technology Domains:

1. Quantum Computing: 50-1000 qubits within 8 years; applications in drug discovery, materials science, complex problem-solving

2. Quantum Communication: Secure, unhackable inter-city and international communications; quantum key distribution networks

3. Quantum Sensing: Atomic clocks, magnetometers for precision navigation, defense systems

4. Quantum Materials & Devices: Superconductors, novel semiconductors, topological materials

Capacity Building Initiatives:

• Support for 75 government and private engineering colleges (₹1 crore each)

• Teaching labs for quantum technology

• Undergraduate minor courses and train-the-trainer programs

• Focus on quantum algorithm development for researchers

Significance:

Cybersecurity Advantage:

• Quantum computers can break traditional RSA encryption

• Quantum key distribution uses quantum mechanics for unbreakable encryption

• Proactive defense against future cyber threats from nation-states with quantum capabilities

Economic Protection:

• India’s digital transaction volume: Billions monthly via UPI

• Protection against organized cyber attacks, fraud, and financial crimes

• Safeguarding of sensitive economic data and intellectual property

Global Positioning:

• Places India among leading quantum-capable nations

• Supports “Make in India” and technological self-reliance goals

• Creates indigenous technology rather than dependence on foreign systems

UPSC Relevance: GS3 – Science & Technology, Cybersecurity, National security, Digital infrastructure

2. India-US 10-Year Defence Framework Strengthens Strategic Partnership

Context: India and United States signed an expansive “Framework for the US-India Major Defence Partnership” on 31 October 2025 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during bilateral meeting between Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth.​

Key Facts:

Framework Overview:

• Duration: 10 years (replacing 2015 framework)

• Signatories: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh (India), Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth (USA)

• Location: ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus), Kuala Lumpur

• Significance: Replaces and supersedes 2015 defence framework with expanded scope

Five Key Pillars:

1. Defence-Industrial Collaboration:

   • Integration of defence industrial supply chains

   • Joint production capabilities

   • Technology transfer agreements

   • Focus on co-development and co-production

2. Military Interoperability:

   • Enhanced coordination across all domains

   • Land operations coordination

   • Air force integration

   • Naval interoperability

   • Space operations

   • Cyber domain collaboration

3. Information & Technology Sharing:

   • Intelligence exchange mechanisms

   • Real-time coordination protocols

   • Advanced technology access

   • Defense research collaboration

4. Maritime Domain Awareness:

   • Joint monitoring of Indian Ocean Region

   • Counter-piracy operations

   • Freedom of navigation missions

   • Blue economy protection

5. Joint Military Exercises:

   • Enhanced frequency of exercises

   • Multi-domain war games

   • Interoperability drills

   • Capacity building initiatives

Strategic Context:

Bilateral Defence Relations Growth:

• Defence cooperation: Cornerstone of India-US relations for two decades

• Despite tariff tensions, defence ties insulated as strategic priority

• Context: US imposed 50% tariffs on India earlier in 2025

• Focus: “Recalibrating” partnership for “emerging security challenges”

Ministerial Statements:

Rajnath Singh’s Position:

• “Ushers in a new era of our already strong defence partnership”

• “Strategic convergence” essential for bilateral ties

• “Essential for maintaining a free, open, and rules-bound Indo-Pacific region”

• Defence remains major pillar of overall bilateral relations

Pete Hegseth’s Statement:

• Defence ties “have never been stronger”

• Framework described as “ambitious”

• “Sets a roadmap for deeper collaboration”

• Called India-US partnership “most consequential globally”

• Built on “shared interests, mutual trust, commitment to secure Indo-Pacific”

Background Context:

• Initial agreement expected July-August 2025 but delayed

• Delay reason: India’s dissatisfaction with Trump’s Pakistan ceasefire claims

• Three prior phone discussions between ministers before formal signing

• Follows February 2025 Modi-Trump joint statement on renewed defence framework

Strategic Imperatives:

Indo-Pacific Dimension:

• Counter-balance to China’s regional assertiveness

• Deterrence against potential threats

• Regional stability maintenance

• Free and open Indo-Pacific vision

Technology & Equipment:

• Trump administration indicated major F-35 stealth fighter jet sales

• Substantially increased military equipment supplies proposed

• Technology transfer mechanisms

• Joint development initiatives

Complementary Trade Negotiations:

• Separate Bilateral Trade Agreement under discussion

• Indian approach: Cautious to ensure long-term sustainability

• Both nations working to finalize trade deal amid tariff tensions

• Multi-faceted partnership beyond defence

Broader Strategic Ecosystem:

• Aligned with Quad framework (India, US, Japan, Australia)

• Counter-terrorism collaboration emphasis

• Shared democratic values

• Strategic convergence in Indo-Pacific vision

Historical Context:

• 2015 Defence Framework: Foundation for sustained cooperation

• 2025 Framework: Significantly expanded scope and ambition

• 10-year horizon: Long-term policy certainty for military planning

Implementation Timeline:

• Immediate: Joint planning and interoperability meetings

• 12 months: First joint capability assessment

• Multi-year: Technology transfer and co-production initiatives

• Ongoing: Regular ministerial and working-level dialogues

Significance for India:

Military Modernization:

• Access to cutting-edge US defence technology

• Joint development of next-generation systems

• Capacity building with world’s most advanced military

Regional Influence:

• Strengthened hand in Indo-Pacific

• Enhanced deterrence against threats

• Strategic parity with regional powers

Economic Benefits:

• Defence industry growth opportunities

• Technology-driven manufacturing jobs

• Make in India initiatives in defence sector

• Supply chain resilience and diversification

UPSC Relevance: GS2 – International Relations, Bilateral agreements, Geopolitics; GS3 – Defence procurement, Strategic partnerships

3. Supreme Court Takes Suo Motu Cognizance of Digital Arrest Scams

Context: Supreme Court expressed shock over ₹3,000 crore extorted through “digital arrest” scams targeting senior citizens across India.​

Key Facts:

• Bench: Justices Surya Kant, Ujjal Bhuyan, and Joymalya Bagchi

• Nature of Crime: Fraudsters impersonate CBI, ED, police, and judicial officers using forged Supreme Court orders

• Modus Operandi: Video calls showing fake documents, threats of arrest, coercion to transfer money

• Primary Victims: Senior citizens and elderly people

• Amount Lost: Nearly ₹3,000 crore across India

• International Angle: Scam syndicates operating from Myanmar, Thailand, and other offshore locations

Supreme Court Observations:

• “Shocking that ₹3,000 crore collected from victims”

• “Will deal with iron hands” to combat this menace

• “If we don’t pass harsh and stringent orders, problem will magnify”

• Described forgery of judicial authority as “direct assault” on judiciary

Actions Taken:

• Suo motu case initiated after Haryana senior couple lost ₹1.5 crore

• Notices to Union Home Secretary, CBI Director, State governments

• Sealed cover reports submitted by MHA and CBI

• Senior Advocate NS Nappinai appointed as amicus curiae

• Proposed transfer of all such cases to CBI

• Special unit in MHA’s Cyber Crime Division coordinating response

• Next hearing: November 10

UPSC Relevance: GS2 – Judiciary, Governance; GS3 – Cybersecurity, Internal Security

4. Jharkhand HIV Blood Transfusion Tragedy

Context: Five thalassemia-affected children contracted HIV after receiving contaminated blood transfusions at Chaibasa Sadar Hospital, West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand.​

Key Facts:

• Victims: 5-6 children (ages 7-10) with thalassemia requiring regular blood transfusions

• Discovery: Family of 7-year-old patient first alleged HIV infection on October 24, 2025

• Investigation: Five-member medical team from Ranchi confirmed 4 additional cases

• Officials Suspended: Civil Surgeon, Medical Officer in charge of blood bank, technicians

• Preliminary Findings: Blood donors tested HIV-negative initially; possible “window period” infection

• Window Period: Time shortly after HIV infection when virus is undetectable in tests

Government Response:

• Chief Minister Hemant Soren ordered immediate suspensions

• High-level probe initiated

• ₹2 lakh financial assistance per affected family

• Complete treatment costs to be borne by government

• Statewide audit of all blood banks ordered within 5 days

• Antiretroviral therapy and counselling arranged

Historical Context:

• Not an isolated incident – 6 children found HIV-positive in 2017

• Another case in Koderma district in January 2025

• Indicates systemic failures in blood safety protocols

Editorial Commentary (Indian Express):

• “Price of chronic neglect, hollowed public-health system”

• Suspensions and compensation insufficient without structural reforms

• Need for real-time monitoring, sustained investment in healthcare

• Restoration of trust requires more than “paper protocols”

UPSC Relevance: GS2 – Health, Governance issues; GS3 – Disaster Management

5. RBI Launches MuleHunter.AI to Combat Digital Fraud

Context: Reserve Bank of India announced AI-powered model “MuleHunter.AI” developed by RBI Innovation Hub (RBIH) to detect mule bank accounts used in financial frauds.​

Key Concepts:

Mule Accounts:

• Bank accounts exploited by criminals for laundering illicit funds

• Often purchased from low-income individuals or those with low technical literacy

• Used to funnel money from cybercrimes before actual criminals withdraw funds

Money Mules:

• Innocent account holders whose accounts are misused

• Often face police action while actual criminals escape

• Typically receive small payments (₹5,000-10,000) for “allowing” account use

Scale of Problem:

• Centre froze approximately 4.5 lakh mule accounts recently

• About 40,000 detected in various SBI branches alone

• Integral to online financial fraud ecosystem in India

MuleHunter.AI Solution:

• AI/ML-powered detection model analyzing 19 different mule account behavior patterns

• Pilot tested with two large public sector banks showing promising results

• Processes transaction data and account details to predict mule accounts precisely

• Superior to traditional rule-based systems with high false-positive rates

• Real-time detection capabilities

Government Strategy:

• Department of Financial Services meeting with banks, RBI, NABARD

• Banks urged to adopt AI/ML solutions for real-time detection

• Staff training on fraud prevention and detection mandated

• “Zero Financial Frauds” RBI Hackathon focusing on mule accounts

• Proposed restrictions on withdrawals from dormant accounts receiving large sums

UPSC Relevance: GS3 – Technology, Cybersecurity, Banking sector reforms

6. High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) – Entry into Force in January 2026

Context: The UN High Seas Treaty reached 60 ratifications (Morocco being 60th) on 19 September 2025, triggering its entry into force on 17 January 2026.​

About the Treaty:

• Full Name: Agreement on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ)

• Also Known As: “Paris Agreement for the Ocean”

• Adoption: 2023 under UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

• Scope: Areas beyond 200 nautical miles from coast (beyond Exclusive Economic Zone)

• Status: 145 countries signed; 74 ratified (as of September 2025)

• India’s Status: Signed in September 2024 but NOT yet ratified

Four Pillars:

1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Mechanism to establish protected zones in high seas, like national parks for oceans

2. Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs): Fair sharing of benefits from commercial use of genetic material (bacteria, corals, deep-sea sponges) used in medicine, cosmetics, biotechnology

3. Capacity Building & Technology Transfer: Assist developing countries in implementation

4. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Mandatory for activities like deep-sea mining, conducted transparently

Exceptions:

• Does NOT apply to warships, military aircraft, or naval auxiliaries

• Does NOT apply to fishing and fishing-related activities (regulated under other laws)

Significance:

• First legally binding international agreement for high seas conservation

• Targets protecting 30% of world’s oceans by 2030 (30×30 goal)

• Supports SDG 14: Life Below Water

• Addresses sea surface temperature rise, overfishing, pollution, unsustainable practices

India’s Panel:

• Ministry of Earth Sciences set up 12-member panel to implement framework

• Aligning with BBNJ provisions to safeguard India’s interests in international waters

UPSC Relevance: GS2 – International Relations, International organizations; GS3 – Environment, Marine biodiversity

7. India-New Zealand FTA Fourth Round of Negotiations

Context: Fourth round of India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement negotiations commenced in Auckland on 3-7 November 2025.​

Background:

• FTA Launch: March 16, 2025, during meeting between Commerce Ministers Piyush Goyal (India) and Todd McClay (New Zealand)

• Earlier Attempt: Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) negotiations began in April 2010 but stalled after 9 rounds in 2015

• Revival Context: PM Narendra Modi’s guidance during New Zealand PM Christopher Luxon’s visit in March 2025

Current Round Focus:

• Trade in Goods

• Trade in Services

• Rules of Origin

• Technical and institutional matters

Ministerial Review:

• Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal to visit Auckland this week

• Will meet counterpart Todd McClay to review progress

• Both sides working to resolve outstanding issues for early conclusion

Trade Data:

• Bilateral Trade (2024-25): USD 1.3 billion (49% growth over previous year)

• India’s Exports (April-Sept 2025): $298.48 million

• India’s Imports (April-Sept 2025): $302.5 million

India’s Key Exports to NZ:

• Clothing, fabrics, home textiles

• Medicines and medical supplies

• Refined petrol, agricultural equipment (tractors, irrigation)

• Auto parts, iron & steel, paper, electronics

• Shrimps, diamonds, basmati rice

New Zealand’s Key Exports to India:

• Agricultural goods, minerals

• Apples, kiwifruit, meat (lamb, mutton)

• Milk albumin, lactose syrup, coking coal

• Logs, sawn timber, wool, scrap metals

Strategic Significance:

• NZ’s average import tariff: only 2.3%

• Expected to boost investment linkages

• Strengthen supply chain resilience

• Create predictable framework for businesses

UPSC Relevance: GS2 – International Relations, Bilateral agreements; GS3 – International trade

8. Lucknow Designated UNESCO ‘City of Gastronomy’

Context: UNESCO officially recognized Lucknow as a Creative City of Gastronomy at its 43rd General Conference in Samarkand, Uzbekistan on 31 October 2025.​

Nomination Process:

• Dossier Preparation: Directorate of Tourism, Uttar Pradesh

• Submission to Ministry of Culture: 31 January 2025

• Official Nomination by India: 3 March 2025

• UNESCO Announcement: 31 October 2025

Unique Culinary Heritage:

• Awadhi Cuisine: Centuries-old culinary legacy from Nawabi era

• Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb: Unique cultural blend of Hindu-Muslim traditions

• Iconic Dishes: Galouti kebab, nihari-kulcha, puri-kachori, tokri chaat, Awadhi biryani, malai gilori, makhan malai, motichoor laddu

• Heritage: Royal kitchens of Nawabs, diverse street food culture, traditional ustads and chefs

Research & Documentation:

• Led by heritage architect Abha Narain Lambah

• Documented recipes, cooking traditions, oral histories

• Research from royal kitchens to street stalls

• Highlighted how food transcends religion and class barriers

Tourism Impact:

• 2024 Visitors: 8,274,154 tourists

• 2025 (Jan-June): 7,020,492 visitors

• Recognition expected to amplify global outreach

• Promote food-based entrepreneurship

• Encourage sustainable culinary tourism

Indian Cities in UNESCO Creative Cities Network (Total: 9):

UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN):

• Established 2004

• 350+ cities worldwide across 7 creative fields

• Fields: Crafts & Folk Art, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastronomy, Literature, Music

UPSC Relevance: GS1 – Indian culture, Heritage; GS2 – International organizations

9. Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025

Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated ESTIC 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi on 3 November 2025, launching ₹1 lakh crore Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme.​

Key Highlights:

₹1 Lakh Crore RDI Scheme Fund:

• Aims to promote private sector-driven R&D ecosystem

• Major boost to India’s research and innovation landscape

PM’s Key Statements:

• “India no longer just consumer of technology, now pioneer of transformation through technology”

• “When science meets scale, innovation becomes inclusive, technology drives transformation”

• India’s R&D expenditure doubled in last decade

• Registered patents increased 17 times

• India now world’s 3rd largest startup ecosystem

• 6,000+ deep-tech startups working in clean energy, advanced materials

Sectoral Achievements:

• Semiconductor sector: Taking flight

• Bio-economy: Grown from $10 billion (2014) to $140 billion (2025)

• Key domains: Green hydrogen, quantum computing, deep-sea research, critical minerals

• Digital Public Infrastructure: World’s most successful

• AI Framework: India shaping global framework for ethical, human-centric AI

Conclave Details:

• Duration: 3-5 November 2025

• Participants: 3,000+ from academia, research, industry, government

• Attendees: Nobel Laureates, eminent scientists, innovators, policymakers

• Thematic Areas (11):

  1. Advanced Materials & Manufacturing

  2. Artificial Intelligence

  3. Bio-Manufacturing

  4. Blue Economy

  5. Digital Communications

  6. Electronics & Semiconductor Manufacturing

  7. Emerging Agriculture Technologies

  8. Energy, Environment & Climate

  9. Health & Medical Technologies

  10. Quantum Science & Technology

  11. Space Technologies

Other Achievements Mentioned:

• Successful launch of India’s heaviest communication satellite

• India’s women’s cricket team World Cup victory

• Focus on “Ease of Doing Research” to create modern innovation ecosystem

UPSC Relevance: GS3 – Science & Technology, Innovation, R&D policy

10. India-EU FTA Discussions Intensify

Context: Senior EU negotiators in New Delhi (3-7 November 2025) for India-EU Free Trade Agreement negotiations following Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal’s Brussels visit.​

Background:

• Minister’s Visit: Piyush Goyal visited Brussels (27-28 October 2025)

• EU Counterpart: H.E. Maroš Šefčovič, European Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security

• Virtual Meeting: 3 November 2025 between Goyal and Šefčovič, plus Agriculture Commissioner H.E. Christophe Hansen

Key Focus Areas:

• Trade in goods

• Trade in services

• Rules of origin

• Technical and institutional matters

High-Level Talks:

• EU DG Trade: Ms. Sabine Weyand in New Delhi (5-6 November 2025)

• India’s Commerce Secretary: Shri Rajesh Aggarwal

• Discussions on key technical and policy issues

Strategic Vision:

• Modern, robust, future-ready FTA

• Reflects priorities and sensitivities of both sides

• Fair and balanced agreement

• Foster trade, investment, innovation, sustainable growth

Significance:

• EU is India’s 3rd largest trading partner

• India is EU’s 10th largest trading partner

• Both sides intensifying engagement for comprehensive agreement

• Joint determination to conclude balanced framework

UPSC Relevance: GS2 – International Relations, India-Europe relations; GS3 – Foreign trade

11. Typhoon Kalmaegi Devastates Central Philippines

Context: Typhoon Kalmaegi (local name: Tino) made landfall in central Philippines on 3 November 2025 with sustained winds of 150 kph, causing widespread devastation.​

Key Facts:

• Strength: Category equivalent with 150 kph sustained winds, gusts up to 205 kph

• Landfall: Silago town, Southern Leyte province, around midnight

• Movement: Northwestward at 25 kph

• Death Toll: At least 1 confirmed (elderly villager drowned in Southern Leyte)

• Evacuations: Over 70,000-150,000 people evacuated to safer ground

• Flights Cancelled: More than 160 flights to/from affected areas

Affected Regions:

• Visayas islands region (worst affected)

• Parts of southern Luzon

• Northern Mindanao

• Central provinces including Cebu (still recovering from 6.9 earthquake, September 30)

Weather Warnings:

• Second-highest storm warning issued

• “Life-threatening” conditions warned

• Storm surges up to 3 meters (10 feet) high

• Torrential rains and potentially destructive winds

• Risk of volcanic mudflows from Kanlaon volcano on Negros island

Context:

• 20th tropical cyclone to hit Philippines in 2025

• Philippines averages 20 typhoons/storms annually

• Region still recovering from recent disasters including earthquakes

Historical Reference:

• Guiuan town in Eastern Samar was devastated by Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in November 2013

• Haiyan: One of most powerful tropical cyclones on record (7,300+ dead/missing)

• Current evacuation compliance high due to Haiyan experience: “better safe than sorry”

Climate Change Connection:

• Scientists warn storms intensifying due to human-driven climate change

• Philippines among world’s most disaster-prone nations

• Frequent earthquakes, active volcanoes, typhoons create multiple hazards

UPSC Relevance: GS1 – Geography, Disaster-prone regions; GS3 – Disaster Management, Climate change impacts

12. Afghanistan Struck by Major 6.3 Magnitude Earthquake

Context: Powerful 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit northern Afghanistan near Mazar-i-Sharif at 00:59 local time on 3 November 2025.​

Earthquake Details:

• Magnitude: 6.3 (USGS); 6.8 (Uzbekistan Ministry)

• Epicenter: Nahri Shahi District, Balkh Province near Samangan Province border

• Depth: 28 km (17 miles)

• Time: 12:59 AM local time (20:29 UTC, 2 November)

• Intensity: Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity VII (Very strong)

Human Impact:

• Deaths: 20-30 people (initial reports)

• Injuries: 863-945 people

• Most Affected: Balkh (9-12 deaths, 593-616 injuries) and Samangan Provinces (11 deaths, 270-329 injuries)

• Private Hospital Treatment: Over 400 patients

Infrastructure Damage:

• Blue Mosque: Historic 15th-century mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif severely damaged (tiles, walls, inscriptions)

• Health Facilities: Balghali PHC (WHO-supported), Samangan Provincial Hospital laboratory collapsed

• Landslide: Section of Asian Highway 7 buried in Khulm District (10 deaths, 43 injuries)

• Houses: 70+ destroyed in Khulm; 800+ partially destroyed in Badakhshan Province

• Power: Lines connecting with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan damaged; outages in 9 provinces including Kabul

Tremors Felt In:

• Kabul, Afghanistan

• Termez, Uzbekistan

• Mashhad, Iran

• Islamabad, Pakistan

• India-Pakistan border areas

Tectonic Setting:

• Afghanistan in broad zone of continental deformation within Eurasian Plate

• Influenced by Arabian Plate subduction (west) and Indian Plate oblique subduction (east)

• Hindu Kush region known for deep earthquakes (up to 300 km depth)

• Chaman Fault: Major transform fault

Humanitarian Context:

• Compounds Afghanistan’s difficulties under Taliban rule

• Reduced international aid since 2021

• Over 2 million Afghans returned from neighboring countries in 2025

• Previous earthquake in August 2025: 2,200+ deaths in eastern region

• Tensions with Pakistan: border exchanges, Pakistani airstrikes on Kabul and Kandahar

USGS PAGER Alert: Orange level – “significant casualties likely, disaster may be extensive,” requiring regional/national response

UPSC Relevance: GS1 – Geography, Seismology; GS2 – International Relations (Afghanistan); GS3 – Disaster Management

PIB

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