Overview of Sex Ratio in India
The sex ratio in India, defined as the number of females per 1,000 males, has been a critical indicator of gender equality and societal health since the country gained independence in 1947. Over the decades, this ratio has reflected deep-rooted cultural preferences and socio-economic conditions affecting women’s status in society.
Historical Trends in Sex Ratio in India
Decadal Comparison
– 1951 Census: The sex ratio was recorded at 946 females per 1,000 males.
– 1961 Census: A decline to 941 was noted, continuing a downward trend.
– 1971 Census: The ratio fell further to 930, marking a significant low.
– 1981 Census: A slight recovery occurred with a ratio of 933.
– 1991 Census: The ratio decreased again to 927.
– 2001 Census: A marginal increase brought the ratio to 933.
– 2011 Census: The sex ratio improved to 940, with a notable increase to 943 by the latest estimates from NFHS-5 (2019-21).
Highest and Lowest State Sex Ratios
Highest Sex Ratios (2011 Census)
1. Kerala: 1084
2. Puducherry: 1038
3. Tamil Nadu: 995
4. Andhra Pradesh: 992
5. Himachal Pradesh: 972
Lowest Sex Ratios (2011 Census)
1. Haryana: 834
2. Punjab: 846
3. Chandigarh: 880
4. Delhi: 871
5. Jammu & Kashmir: 862.
Reasons behind Low Sex Ratios
The persistent low sex ratios in several states can be attributed to various factors:
– Cultural Preferences for Sons: A strong societal bias towards male children leads to practices such as female foeticide and infanticide.
– Economic Factors: In many communities, sons are viewed as financial assets due to their potential to earn and support parents in old age, while daughters are often seen as liabilities due to dowry customs.
– Access to Technology: Urban areas have greater access to sex-selection technologies, exacerbating gender imbalances.
– Education and Awareness Gaps: Despite increasing literacy rates, awareness regarding gender equality remains low in many regions.
Consequences of Skewed Sex Ratios
Impact on Women
– Increased Vulnerability: A lower female population increases the risk of violence and exploitation against women.
– Marriage Market Imbalance: With fewer women available for marriage, there can be increased pressure on women and potential for human trafficking.
Economic Implications
– Labor Market Disparities: Gender imbalances can lead to labor shortages in sectors that require female workers, affecting economic productivity.
– Social Costs: Increased expenditure on security and healthcare for women can strain public resources.
Demographic Challenges
– Aging Population Concerns: A skewed sex ratio may lead to demographic challenges as the population ages without a balanced gender representation.
– Sustainability Issues: Long-term demographic imbalances can hinder sustainable development efforts and social stability.
The sex ratio in India remains a complex issue intertwined with cultural, economic, and social factors. While there have been improvements over the decades, significant disparities persist across states. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive strategies that promote gender equality, enhance women’s empowerment, and shift societal attitudes towards valuing girls equally as boys. Continued monitoring and targeted interventions are essential for achieving a balanced demographic profile conducive to national development.
